2nd International Conference on Kinesiology and Biomechanics September 16-17, 2019 Tokyo, Japan

Sports Science covers a broad range of fields including human physiology, psychology and biomechanics, and their relationship to sports performance, health and well-being. Anatomy and physiology aim to develop knowledge and understanding of the basic structure and function of the human body discuss how this knowledge can be used to improve health and/or performance. Furthermore, environmental physiology gives the opportunity to discuss the limits to human performance and survival.

Sports science as a subject is comprised of all of these elements, with a focus on physical activity, health and performance. This helps to give an overall picture factors that may improve, and ultimately limit human sporting performance at the highest level. Biomechanics makes it possible to calculate the most efficient or the least harmful patterns of movement in sporting movements and techniques, which is an important consideration when designing an exercise programme.

Fitness Therapy combines exercise with psychotherapy. Individual fitness therapy sessions go above and beyond what you can receive from a traditional trainer—they will enable you to become motivated, goal-oriented, and empowered while simultaneously strengthening your body. Through fitness therapy, you will address the behavior patterns that are no longer working for you and learn a new way to incorporate health and fitness into your lifestyle. At True Mind + Body, we have found that incorporating movement enriches the counselling sessions.

Kinanthropometry is defined as “the study of human size, shape, proportion, composition, maturation, and gross function, in order to understand growth, exercise, performance, and nutrition”. It is similar to the mechanistic approach to human motion, i.e. anthropometry. However, the study of anthropometry is confined to width, length and girth measurements, rather than changes that occur in the human physique as a result of physical training. Somatotyping provides classification of the human body into three basic types: ectomorph, mesomorph and endomorph. Therefore, through the application of kinanthropometry together with somatotyping in the study of the human physique, the clothing industry can improve traditional sizing systems by means of reference to the structure and function of the human body.

The study of genomics has also shown how genes may affect your overall fitness/health (kinesiogenetics) - and how exercise may impact your gene expression, triggering certain genes to go up or down (kinesiogenomics). The field of kinesiogenetics (exercise and sports genetics) is in its infancy, there has been a great deal of research over the years that influenced the selection of genes and fitness associations, which targets in its DNA Fitness Assessment. Until now, training and fitness professionals have lacked the genetic knowledge needed to recommend personal fitness solutions

Motor imagery is a form of therapy that can be used to strengthen arms, hands, feet and/or legs that may have been weakened by stroke. In motor imagery, we mentally rehearse the movement of the affected body parts, without ever actually attempting to perform the movement. In other words, you imagine doing the movement in your mind. For example, you may imagine hitting a golf ball or drinking a cup of tea. Researchers have shown that this "mental rehearsal" actually works, as it stimulates the brain areas responsible for making the weaker arm or leg move.

SELECTIVE FUNCTIONAL MOVEMENT ASSESSMENT (SFMA) is a set of seven full-body movement tests evaluated and scored in patients experiencing pain. The assessment logically breaks down dysfunctional patterns pinpointing the root cause as a mobility problem or a stability/motor control problem. Depending on the results, manual therapies or corrective exercises will be used as treatment.

Movement assessment is the practice of analysing movement performance during functional tasks to determine the kinematics of individual joints and their effect on the kinetic chain. Three-dimensional or two-dimensional analysis of the biomechanics involved in sporting tasks can assist in prevention of injury and enhancing athletic performance. Identification of abnormal movement mechanics provides physical therapists with the ability to prescribe more accurate corrective exercise programs to prevent injury and improve exercise rehabilitation and progression following injury and assist in determining readiness to return to sport.

Geriatric Physiotherapy also known as Geriatric rehabilitation it is a branch of physiotherapy that studies rehabilitation and physical therapy issues in elderly.           

Physical therapy for the geriatric population focuses on optimizing function for the aging adult.  As we age, our bodies undergo wear and tear.  Although this process is normal it sometimes leads to pain and disability, causing patients to limit their activity or all together stop doing what they enjoy.  Geriatric physical therapy has been found effective in improving strength, mobility and balance to help the aging individual build confidence in staying active.  There are many reasons to consult your doctor about the benefits of physical therapy.

Treatment will focus on a patient’s specific goals. Research shows that individual treatment programs at any age can help restore mobility, reduce pain, increase strength and improve fitness levels.

Hydrotherapy Physiotherapy (also known as Aquatic Therapy) is exercises in warm water. The unique properties of warm water can improve movement of stiff or swollen joints, provide relaxation, strengthen weak muscles and alleviate aches and pains. Physiotherapy programme utilising the properties of water, designed by a suitably qualified Physiotherapist. The programme should be specific for an individual to maximise function, which can be physical, physiological, or psychosocial.

Treatments should be carried out by appropriately trained personnel, ideally in a purpose built, and heated Hydrotherapy pool”.

A chiropractic back adjustment is a type of manual therapy that seeks to realign joint subluxations. Chiropractic treatment is largely driven by the individual preferences of both the chiropractor and the patient. There are many different chiropractic techniques. Some doctors of chiropractic perform joint manipulation with their hands only, while others use various instruments. Additionally, some chiropractors treat using quick but firm manipulation, while others have a lighter touch. Chiropractors may use exercise and other treatments and advice.

Manual Physical Therapy is a specialized form of physiotherapy delivered with the hands and is used in conjunction with conventional physiotherapy. It is an application of absolutely determined and especially directed manual force into the body beneficial to improve mobility in areas that are restricted in joints with connective tissues or in skeletal muscles.

Manual therapy is helpful for the treatment of joints and muscles that lack adequate mobility and range of motion. This limitation can cause discomfort, pain, and an alteration in function, posture, and mobility. Manual physiotherapy involves restoring normal mobility and biomechanics. Research has proven that manual therapy, in combination with other more traditional physiotherapy treatments, provides the most effective treatment.

Occupational therapy (OT) treatment focuses on helping people with a physical, sensory, or cognitive disability be as independent as possible in all areas of their lives. Specialist interventions in various health conditions including surgery, burns, HIV and acute mental health. The primary goal of occupational therapy is to enable people to participate in the activities of everyday life. Occupational therapists achieve this outcome by working with people and communities to enhance their ability to engage in the occupations they want to, need to, or are expected to do, or by modifying the occupation or the environment to better support their occupational engagement.

An occupational therapist will consider all of the patient’s needs - physical, psychological, social and environmental. This support can make a real difference giving people a renewed sense of purpose, opening up new horizons, and changing the way they feel about the future.

Acupuncture is a form of treatment that involves inserting very thin needles through a person's skin at specific points on the body, to various depths. It is a key component of traditional Chinese medicine. Acupuncture improves the body’s functions and promotes the natural self-healing process by stimulating specific anatomic sites--commonly referred to as acupuncture points, or acupoints. The most common method used to stimulate acupoints is the insertion of fine, sterile needles into the skin. In contrast, many Western practitioners view the acupuncture points as places to stimulate nerves, muscles and connective tissue. Some believe that this stimulation boosts your body's natural painkillers.

Palliative care is a specialized medical care for people with serious illness and focuses on providing patients with relief from the symptoms, pain, and stress of a serious illness, whatever the diagnosis. Palliative care is also called comfort care, supportive care, and symptom management. Patients may receive palliative care in the hospital, an outpatient clinic, a long-term care facility, or at home under the direction of a physician. The goal is to prevent or treat, as early as possible, the symptoms and side effects of the disease and its treatment, in addition to any related psychological, social, and spiritual problems. For some people, palliative care may be beneficial from the time of diagnosis with a serious life-limiting illness. Palliative care can be given alongside treatments given by other doctors.

The purpose of Kinesiological Stretching techniques is to avoid the stretch reflex, while increasing the range of motion of a specific muscle. This is strikingly different from previously known stretching techniques, which look to increase the ROM in a specific degree of freedom of a joint or group of joints.

Kinesiological stretching simultaneously increases the flexibility of a muscle in all its actions, using the reversible system of targets and leverages. This allows the stretch reflex to be avoided. Using other techniques in ES-PFFTC, all the muscles used in specific movement or restricting a specific movement are then moved together, being first lengthen individually.

Orthopedics is a specialist in the field of joint and bone problems. To the field of orthopedic surgeon include: congenital anomalies of the musculoskeletal system, such as hip dysplasia, scoliosis; fractures of joints and bones; misalignments of joints and long bones; joint disorders and wear. Orthopedists treat an immense variety of diseases and conditions, including fractures and dislocations, torn ligaments, sprains and strains tendon injuries, pulled muscles and bursitis ruptured disks, sciatica, low back pain, and scoliosis knock knees, bow legs, bunions and hammer toes, arthritis and osteoporosis, bone tumors, muscular dystrophy and cerebral palsy, club foot and unequal leg length abnormalities of the fingers and toes, and growth abnormalities.

Neuropsychology is the study of brain–behaviour relationships, and has traditionally utilised the classical lesion-based approach – relating focal brain damage to patterns of preserved and impaired cognitive functioning.  It can even be called the master organ, since it regulates all of the other organs in the body. For instance, it tells the lungs when to inhale and exhale; it tells the skin when it there's a sensation, such as an itch or pain; it helps regulate digestion; and it tells the heart to keep pumping.

Neuropsychological studies are individuals with brain injuries resulting from war, accidents, or conditions such as stroke or Parkinson’s disease. In addition, some subjects have developmental disorders that prevent normal brain functioning, often interfering with learning or other behaviors.

A movement disorder refers to a group of nervous system (neurological conditions) that cause abnormal increased movements, which may be voluntary or involuntary. Movement disorders can also cause reduced or slow movements.

Movement disorders are neurologic conditions that cause problems with movement, such as

• Increased movement that can be voluntary (intentional) or involuntary (unintended)
• Decreased or slow voluntary movement

Movement disorders are conventionally divided into two major categories- hyperkinetic and hypokinetic.

• Hyperkinetic movement disorders refer to dyskinesia, or excessive, often repetitive, involuntary movements that intrude upon the normal flow of motor activity.

• Hypokinetic movement disorders refer to akinesia, hypokinesia, bradykinesia and rigidity. In primary movement disorders, the abnormal movement is the primary manifestation of the disorder. In secondary movement disorders, the abnormal movement is a manifestation of another systemic or neurological disorder.

Neuroplasticity is an umbrella term referring to the ability of your brain to reorganize itself, both physically and functionally, throughout your life due to your environment, behavior, thinking, and emotions. Neurons function as parts of local circuits in the brain, and each neuron can change its functional role in a circuit by altering how it responds to inputs or influences other neurons. Neural plasticity mediates the acquisition of knowledge and skill, and brain repair after injury. Plasticity may also lead to misperceptions and pain, and maladaptive behavior. An understanding of neural plasticity might help us promote this plasticity when it is useful, and control this plasticity when it has unfortunate consequences.

Neuroplasticity is also called brain plasticity or brain malleability.

Musculoskeletal biomechanics explores a broad range of medical issues related to the musculoskeletal system and orthopaedics, such as osteoarthritis and osteoporosis. Musculoskeletal tissues are also considered as composite materials meaning that they are composed of at least two different materials. The bone is an example where mineral crystals reinforce a ductile collagen matrix. These tissues are also anisotropic materials meaning that their material properties depend on loading direction. Urgent scientific development in diagnostics and treatment of these diseases is needed to manage successfully the future health challenge. Developing innovative imaging techniques and computational tools is crucially important in understanding the mechanisms in osteoarthritis and osteoporosis.

Cardiovascular Biomechanics is a broad discipline that includes the heart, blood vessels, blood cells, and micro-circulation, while the emphasis on musculoskeletal Biomechanics includes, but is not limited to, the study of bone, cartilage, ligament, tendon, and muscle development, adaptation, injury and repair.